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Ottumwa, Iowa

Coordinates: 41°01′10″N 92°25′07″W / 41.01944°N 92.41861°W / 41.01944; -92.41861
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Ottumwa, Iowa
City
Clockwise from top left: Ottumwa City Hall (Federal Building), St. Mary of the Visitation Catholic Church, Market Street Bridge and Bridge View Center, and Ottumwa High School
Clockwise from top left: Ottumwa City Hall (Federal Building), St. Mary of the Visitation Catholic Church, Market Street Bridge and Bridge View Center, and Ottumwa High School
Nickname(s): 
City of Bridges[1]
Video Game Capital of the World[2]
Location of Ottumwa in the State of Iowa
Location of Ottumwa in the State of Iowa
Coordinates: 41°01′10″N 92°25′07″W / 41.01944°N 92.41861°W / 41.01944; -92.41861
Country United States
State Iowa
CountyWapello
Government
 • TypeMayor/Council
 • MayorRick Johnson[3][4]
Area
[5]
 • Total16.73 sq mi (43.32 km2)
 • Land16.06 sq mi (41.60 km2)
 • Water0.67 sq mi (1.73 km2)
Elevation
[6]
650 ft (200 m)
Population
 (2020)
 • Total25,529
 • Rank18th in Iowa
 • Density1,589.50/sq mi (613.71/km2)
Time zoneUTC−6 (Central)
 • Summer (DST)UTC−5 (CDT)
ZIP Code
52501
Area code641
FIPS code19-60465
GNIS feature ID2396110[6]
Websiteottumwa.us

Ottumwa (/əˈtʌmwə/ ə-TUM-wə) is a city in and the county seat of Wapello County, Iowa, United States.[7] The population was 25,529 at the time of the 2020 U.S. Census.[8] Located in the state's southeastern section, the city is split into northern and southern halves by the Des Moines River.

History

[edit]
Map of Ottumwa from 1908, showing the railroads and coal mines (red) of the region
Main Street, Ottumwa, Iowa
East 300 block of Main Street, 1900

The city's name derives from the Native American Meskwaki language, translating to "tumbling waters" in reference to the Appanoose Rapids on the Des Moines River.[9][10]

In May 1843, several investors formed the Appanoose Rapids Company and staked claim to 467 acres of land in the present site of Ottumwa. Their colonization involved claiming land supporting three indigenous settlements. The first official cabin was built in May 1843 after the area was opened to settlement (an earlier cabin built in defiance of this date was destroyed by Army troops at that time). The original platt was titled Louis Ville.[11] In 1844 the city was named as the county seat.[1]

The town was severely damaged during the flood of 1851.[12]

In 1857, coal was being mined from the McCready bank, a site along Bear Creek four miles west of Ottumwa. In 1868, Brown and Godfrey opened a drift mine four miles northwest of town. By 1872, Brown and Godfrey employed 300 men and had an annual production of 77,000 tons. In 1880, the Phillips Coal and Mining Company opened a mine two miles northwest of town. In subsequent years, they opened 5 more shafts in the Phillips and Rutledge neighborhoods, just north of Ottumwa.[13] The Phillips number 5 shaft was 140 feet (43 meters) deep, with a 375-HP steam hoist.[14] By 1889, the state mine inspector's report listed 15 mine shafts in Ottumwa.[15] In 1914, the Phillips Fuel Company produced over 100,000 tons of coal, ranking among the top 24 coal producers in the state.[16] Coal mining was so important to the local economy that, from 1890 to 1892, the Coal Palace was erected in Ottumwa as an exhibition center.

John Morrell & Company and their meat packing comples played a significant role in the development of Ottumwa from 1877 to 1973.[17]

When the Burlington and Missouri River Railroad arrived in Ottumwa in September 1859, it ran parallel to the river channel. The availability of rail transportation encouraged both commercial and industrial expansion along the northwest to southeast axis. Access to the south bank of the river at first was by ferry from the foot of Green Street. By 1875 this ferry had been replaced by a bridge, and a number of additions had been made to the city during the first thirty years, all located on the north side of the Des Moines River. As development (almost exclusively residential) climbed the bluffs, the streets on top of the hills were laid out to compass points, rather than parallel to the river. Although there was some development on the south side of the river, South Ottumwa was not brought into the city limits until the 1880s.[18]

Presidential visits

[edit]

Visits by a sitting U.S. president include:

Geography

[edit]

According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 16.53 square miles (42.81 km2), of which 15.86 square miles (41.08 km2) is land and 0.67 square miles (1.74 km2) is water.[23]

Northeastern Wapello County contains large deposits of coal, and there are also large deposits of clay in the region, which played an important role in the industrial development of Ottumwa.[1]

Ottumwa is the center of the Ottumwa Micropolitan Statistical Area which includes all of Wapello County.[24]

Climate

[edit]

According to the Köppen Climate Classification system, Ottumwa has a hot-summer humid continental climate, abbreviated "Dfa" on climate maps.

Climate data for Ottumwa Regional Airport, Iowa (1991–2020 normals, extremes 1948–present)
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °F (°C) 71
(22) 		79
(26) 		88
(31) 		91
(33) 		97
(36) 		103
(39) 		106
(41) 		105
(41) 		100
(38) 		93
(34) 		79
(26) 		75
(24) 		106
(41)
Mean maximum °F (°C) 54.8
(12.7) 		59.0
(15.0) 		73.2
(22.9) 		83.0
(28.3) 		87.9
(31.1) 		92.2
(33.4) 		94.9
(34.9) 		94.4
(34.7) 		90.6
(32.6) 		83.5
(28.6) 		70.4
(21.3) 		58.6
(14.8) 		96.8
(36.0)
Mean daily maximum °F (°C) 32.0
(0.0) 		36.8
(2.7) 		50.2
(10.1) 		62.8
(17.1) 		72.9
(22.7) 		82.2
(27.9) 		85.7
(29.8) 		84.0
(28.9) 		77.3
(25.2) 		64.2
(17.9) 		49.7
(9.8) 		37.2
(2.9) 		61.3
(16.3)
Daily mean °F (°C) 22.9
(−5.1) 		27.4
(−2.6) 		39.6
(4.2) 		51.1
(10.6) 		62.0
(16.7) 		71.6
(22.0) 		75.1
(23.9) 		73.0
(22.8) 		65.3
(18.5) 		52.9
(11.6) 		39.6
(4.2) 		28.4
(−2.0) 		50.7
(10.4)
Mean daily minimum °F (°C) 13.8
(−10.1) 		18.0
(−7.8) 		28.9
(−1.7) 		39.4
(4.1) 		51.0
(10.6) 		61.0
(16.1) 		64.5
(18.1) 		62.0
(16.7) 		53.3
(11.8) 		41.6
(5.3) 		29.5
(−1.4) 		19.7
(−6.8) 		40.2
(4.6)
Mean minimum °F (°C) −7.9
(−22.2) 		−2.3
(−19.1) 		8.0
(−13.3) 		23.5
(−4.7) 		36.4
(2.4) 		48.7
(9.3) 		55.0
(12.8) 		52.0
(11.1) 		38.1
(3.4) 		24.9
(−3.9) 		12.2
(−11.0) 		−1.1
(−18.4) 		−11.9
(−24.4)
Record low °F (°C) −23
(−31) 		−27
(−33) 		−20
(−29) 		9
(−13) 		24
(−4) 		41
(5) 		48
(9) 		41
(5) 		27
(−3) 		17
(−8) 		−9
(−23) 		−21
(−29) 		−27
(−33)
Average precipitation inches (mm) 1.01
(26) 		1.41
(36) 		2.24
(57) 		3.75
(95) 		5.03
(128) 		5.38
(137) 		3.87
(98) 		4.44
(113) 		3.50
(89) 		2.81
(71) 		2.09
(53) 		1.44
(37) 		36.97
(939)
Average snowfall inches (cm) 7.1
(18) 		5.8
(15) 		3.0
(7.6) 		1.4
(3.6) 		0.0
(0.0) 		0.0
(0.0) 		0.0
(0.0) 		0.0
(0.0) 		0.0
(0.0) 		0.5
(1.3) 		1.6
(4.1) 		4.2
(11) 		23.6
(60)
Average precipitation days (≥ 0.01 in) 7.1 7.4 9.6 11.7 13.1 11.3 9.1 9.2 7.9 8.5 7.5 6.9 109.3
Average snowy days (≥ 0.1 in) 5.7 3.9 2.1 0.8 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.4 1.2 3.0 17.1
Source: NOAA[25][26]

Demographics

[edit]
Historical population
CensusPop.Note%±
18601,632—
18705,214219.5%
18809,00472.7%
189014,00155.5%
190018,19730.0%
191022,01221.0%
192023,0034.5%
193028,07522.0%
194031,57012.4%
195033,6316.5%
196033,8710.7%
197029,610−12.6%
198027,381−7.5%
199024,488−10.6%
200024,9982.1%
201025,0230.1%
202025,5292.0%
US Decennial Census[27][8]
Wapello County Courthouse

2020 census

[edit]

As of the census of 2020,[28] there were 25,529 people, 10,098 households, and 6,048 families residing in the city. The population density was 1,589.5 inhabitants per square mile (613.7/km2). There were 11,254 housing units at an average density of 700.7 per square mile (270.5/km2). The racial makeup of the city was 74.3% White, 5.4% Black or African American, 0.8% Native American, 2.3% Asian, 2.0% Pacific Islander, 8.6% from other races and 6.7% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino persons of any race comprised 15.7% of the population.

Of the 10,098 households, 30.8% of which had children under the age of 18 living with them, 39.6% were married couples living together, 8.5% were cohabitating couples, 30.6% had a female householder with no spouse or partner present and 21.4% had a male householder with no spouse or partner present. 40.1% of all households were non-families. 33.1% of all households were made up of individuals, 14.8% had someone living alone who was 65 years old or older.

The median age in the city was 36.7 years. 27.9% of the residents were under the age of 20; 6.3% were between the ages of 20 and 24; 26.0% were from 25 and 44; 22.9% were from 45 and 64; and 17.0% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the city was 49.5% male and 50.5% female.

2010 census

[edit]

As of the 2010 United States Census[29] there were 25,023 people, 10,251 households, and 6,208 families in the city. The population density was 1,577.7 inhabitants per square mile (609.2/km2). There were 11,257 housing units at an average density of 709.8 per square mile (274.1/km2). The racial makeup of the city was 90.2% White, 4.06% Hispanic or Latino, 1.6% African American, 0.6% Native American, 0.9% Asian, 0.2% Pacific Islander, 4.5% from other races, and 1.8% from two or more races.

There were 10,251 households, of which 30.0% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 42.1% were married couples living together, 12.9% had a female householder with no husband present, 5.6% had a male householder with no wife present, and 39.4% were non-families. 32.9% of all households were made up of individuals, and 14.2% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.36 and the average family size was 2.97.

The median age in the city was 37.4 years. 23.3% of residents were under the age of 18; 10.8% were between the ages of 18 and 24; 24.8% were from 25 to 44; 25% were from 45 to 64; and 16% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the city was 48.4% male and 51.6% female.

2000 census

[edit]

As of the 2000 United States Census, there were 24,998 people, 10,383 households, and 6,530 families residing in the city. The population density was 1,582.2 inhabitants per square mile (610.9/km2). There were 11,038 housing units at an average density of 698.6 per square mile (269.7/km2). The racial makeup of the city was 95.33% White, 1.27% African American, 0.33% Native American, 0.78% Asian, 0.02% Pacific Islander, 1.38% from other races, and 0.89% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 2.76% of the population.

There were 10,383 households, out of which 28.1% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 47.8% were married couples living together, 11.3% had a female householder with no husband present, and 37.1% were non-families. 31.1% of all households were made up of individuals, and 14.8% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.31 and the average family size was 2.88.

Age spread: 22.9% under the age of 18, 10.9% from 18 to 24, 26.1% from 25 to 44, 21.2% from 45 to 64, and 19.0% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 38 years. For every 100 females, there were 92.8 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 88.6 males.

The median income for a household in the city was $30,174, and the median income for a family was $37,302. Males had a median income of $31,222 versus $20,934 for females. The per capita income for the city was $16,040. About 10.9% of families and 15.2% of the population were below the poverty line, including 21.3% of those under age 18 and 8.2% of those age 65 or over.

Economy

[edit]

Top employers

[edit]

According to Ottumwa's 2020 Comprehensive Annual Financial Report,[30] the top employers in the city were:

# Employer # of Employees
1 JBS Swift & Co. (subsidiary of JBS USA) 2,400
2 John Deere Ottumwa Works 950
3 Ottumwa Regional Health Center 825
4 Ottumwa Community School District 700
5 Indian Hills Community College 322
6 Walmart (Ottumwa Supercenter) 364
7 Winger Contracting Company 315
8 City of Ottumwa 250
9 Dr Pepper Snapple Group 200
10 Hy-Vee 190

The Quincy Place Mall is a Shopping mall in Ottumwa.

Arts and culture

[edit]
Vogel Place Historic District
Hotel Ottumwa
Ottumwa Public Carnegie Library

Historic districts

[edit]

Historic structures

[edit]

Video Games

[edit]

Twin Galaxies, a social media platform, is located in Ottumwa. For this reason, Ottumwa's mayor proclaimed the city the "Video Game Capital of the World" in 1982.[2] The city's proclamation was recognized by U.S. Senator Charles Grassley.[31] The city hosted the first North American Video Olympics in 1982.[32] In 2009, an International Video Game Hall of Fame was planned.[citation needed]

Education

[edit]

Public School System

[edit]

The city of Ottumwa and the surrounding rural areas of Wapello County are served by the Ottumwa Community School District.

Ottumwa is served by Ottumwa High School, Evans Middle School, and then multiple neighborhood elementary schools that include Douma and Liberty on the Southern side of the city, while James, Horace Mann, Wilson, and Eisenhower serve the Northern side.

Higher education

[edit]

Ottumwa is the home of Indian Hills Community College, a two-year community college. Between 1928 and 1980, it was also home to Ottumwa Heights College, a women's college that merged with Indian Hills in 1979 to create one institution. Indian Hills is located at the former Ottumwa Heights campus. Buena Vista University has a regional campus located here.

Media

[edit]
Ottumwa Courier Building

Paired with Kirksville, Missouri, Ottumwa is a media market region, ranked #201 by Nielsen. Television stations include Fox/NBC/The CW+ affiliate KYOU-TV (channel 15) and K18GU-D (channel 12; translator of KIIN channel 12 in Iowa City). Dual ABC/CBS affiliate KTVO (channel 3) is licensed to and has its main offices near Kirksville, but has a second studio and news bureau in Ottumwa.

The Ottumwa Courier is the primary daily newspaper.

"Ottumwa Radio" is the primary regional radio provider with multiple stations.

Infrastructure

[edit]
Amtrak passenger rail station and platform
Jefferson Street Viaduct

Transportation

[edit]

Ottumwa Regional Airport is a general aviation airport owned by the City of Ottumwa and is operated by the Airport Advisory Board.

Amtrak, the national passenger rail system, provides service to the Ottumwa Amtrak station, operating its California Zephyr daily in both directions between Chicago, Illinois, and Emeryville, California, across the San Francisco Bay from San Francisco.

Ottumwa Transit Authority operates bus services throughout the Ottumwa area.[33] The fixed-route system includes five routes and a shopping shuttle.[34] It also operates a para-transit service known as Ottumwa Transit Authority Lift[35] and Job Access Reverse Commute (JARC), a dial-a-ride service geared towards employees.[36] The five routes that operate Monday through Friday are: #1 North, #2 East West, #3 South Residential, #4 South Commercial, and #7 Airport. There are also two routes that operate on Saturday only; no routes operate on Sunday.[37]

10–15 Regional Transit Agency provides a regional dial-a-ride service throughout Appanoose, Davis, Jefferson, Keokuk, Lucas, Mahaska, Monroe, Van Buren, Wapello and Wayne counties.[38][39]

Currently, U.S. Route 34 and Iowa Highway 149 serve the town, replacing a former segment of U.S. Highway 63. Route 63 now bypasses the town as part of the Burlington to Des Moines expressway. The Jefferson Street Viaduct over the Des Moines River is listed on the National Register of Historic Places.

Railroads

[edit]

The BNSF Railway has tracks through Ottumwa. This is a major corridor in the Chicago-Omaha line that is double track, and western coal makes up a large percentage of the freight carried on this line. The BNSF tracks travel under U.S. Highway 34, pass through the business district, under the U.S. Highway 63 bridge, cross the Iowa, Chicago and Eastern Railroad tracks at grade, exit Ottumwa, and later cross over the Des Moines River on their way to Albia, Iowa, and later Omaha, Nebraska.

The Iowa, Chicago and Eastern Railroad was acquired by the Canadian Pacific in 2008. Ottumwa is located on the Davenport, Iowa, to Kansas City, Mo. line and is a crew change point.

The Norfolk Southern Railway has trackage rights over the BNSF through Ottumwa.

Notable people

[edit]
[edit]
Canteen Lunch in the Alley

References

[edit]
  1. ^ a b c d "History of Wapello County" (PDF). City of Ottumwa Historic Preservation Commission. September 2013. Retrieved December 26, 2020.
  2. ^ a b Kalning, Kristin (May 6, 2009). "Ottumwa, video game capital of the world? - On the Level- NBC News". NBC News. Archived from the original on October 7, 2015. Retrieved June 14, 2010.
  3. ^ Monaghan, Eric (November 21, 2021). "Johnson is Ottumwa's next mayor; Pope, Galloway, McAntire will join City Council". KYOU News. Retrieved December 18, 2023.
  4. ^ "Government". City of Ottumwa. Retrieved December 18, 2023.
  5. ^ "2020 U.S. Gazetteer Files". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved March 16, 2022.
  6. ^ a b U.S. Geological Survey Geographic Names Information System: Ottumwa, Iowa
  7. ^ "Find a County". National Association of Counties. Retrieved June 7, 2011.
  8. ^ a b "2020 Census State Redistricting Data". United states Census Bureau. Retrieved August 12, 2021.
  9. ^ ""Wapello County History Society"". Retrieved January 30, 2021.
  10. ^ ""Wapello County History"". Retrieved January 30, 2021.
  11. ^ "Ottumwa, Iowa". Britannica. Retrieved December 26, 2020. Originally called Appanoose Rapids, the name was changed to Louisville and Ottumwanoc before being shortened to Ottumwa. Ottumwa is said to be derived from an Algonquian (Fox) word meaning "rippling waters," although it may simply mean "town."
  12. ^ Aldrich, Charles (1903). The Annals Of Iowa. Des Moines, Iowa: Historical Department of Iowa. p. 411.
  13. ^ Lees, James H. (1909). History of Coal Mining in Iowa. Des Moines: Iowa Geological Survey. p. 541.
  14. ^ Hinds, Henry (1909). The Coal Deposits of Iowa. Des Moines: Iowa Geological Survey. p. 298.
  15. ^ Fourth Biennial Report Of The State Mine Inspectors To The Governor Of The State Of Iowa For The Years 1888 And 1889. Des Moines. 1889. p. 33.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  16. ^ Saward, Frederick E. (1915). The Coal Trade. p. 65.
  17. ^ "John Morrell & Company Meat Packing Plant, 316 South Iowa Street, Ottumwa, Wapello County, IA". Loc.gov.
  18. ^ "Greater Second Street Historic District, Ottumwa, Iowa" (PDF). April 2016. p. 14. Retrieved December 26, 2020.
  19. ^ a b c Toopes, Cindy (April 23, 2010). "Four sitting presidents have visited Ottumwa". Ottumwa Courier. Retrieved December 19, 2010.
  20. ^ "Rathbun Lake". US Army Corps of Engineers, Kansas City District. Archived from the original on September 20, 2010. Retrieved December 18, 2010.
  21. ^ "Biography of Richard Milhous Nixon" (PDF). Richard Nixon Presidential Library and Museum. p. 1. Archived from the original (PDF) on September 21, 2015. Retrieved December 19, 2010.
  22. ^ Shaver, Pat (April 28, 2010). "Participants, crowd relish Obama visit". Ottumwa Courier. Retrieved December 19, 2010.
  23. ^ "US Gazetteer files 2010". US Census Bureau. Archived from the original on July 2, 2012. Retrieved May 11, 2012.
  24. ^ "Ottumwa, IA Micropolitan Statistical Area IA Demographic Data and Boundary Map". iowa.hometownlocator.com. Retrieved August 3, 2022.
  25. ^ "NowData – NOAA Online Weather Data". National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved June 27, 2021.
  26. ^ "Station: Ottumwa Industrial AP, IA". U.S. Climate Normals 2020: U.S. Monthly Climate Normals (1991–2020). National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved June 27, 2021.
  27. ^ "Census of Population and Housing". Census.gov. Retrieved June 4, 2015.
  28. ^ "2020 Census". United States Census Bureau.
  29. ^ "U.S. Census website". US Census Bureau. Retrieved May 11, 2012.
  30. ^ "City of Ottumwa CAFR" (PDF).
  31. ^ "Congratulations on becoming "Video Game Capital"". www.twingalaxies.com. Retrieved June 14, 2010.
  32. ^ "1982 North American Video Game Olympics program cover (GIF Image, 370x574 pixels)". www.twingalaxies.com. Retrieved June 14, 2010.
  33. ^ "Iowa Office of Public Transit". Archived from the original on July 5, 2004. Retrieved May 27, 2014.
  34. ^ "SCHEDULES". Archived from the original on May 5, 2005. Retrieved May 27, 2014.
  35. ^ "OTA LIFT". Archived from the original on May 5, 2005. Retrieved May 27, 2014.
  36. ^ "JARC". Archived from the original on May 5, 2005. Retrieved May 27, 2014.
  37. ^ "OTA Timetable – December 2011" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on November 19, 2012. Retrieved May 27, 2014.
  38. ^ "Iowa Office of Public Transit". Archived from the original on September 14, 2004. Retrieved May 27, 2014.
  39. ^ "10–15 Transit". Archived from the original on February 18, 2005. Retrieved May 27, 2014.
  40. ^ "Tom Arnold Biography (1959-)". Filmreference.com.
  41. ^ Cristy (January 25, 2022). "A Famous Mansion Was Built And Left To Decay In The Middle Of An Iowa Cornfield". Archived from the original on October 4, 2023. Retrieved October 4, 2023.
  42. ^ "Gemini 10 News Release No. 3" (PDF). NASA. July 13, 1966. Archived from the original (PDF) on January 28, 2017. Retrieved February 1, 2016.
  43. ^ Shuman, Baird (2002). Great American Writers: Twentieth Century. Marshall Cavendish. ISBN 9780761472407. Retrieved May 27, 2014.
  44. ^ "Elnora 'Ellie' M. Gilfoyle" (PDF). Colorado State University. Retrieved September 11, 2018.
  45. ^ "Keyhoe, Donald Edwards (1897-1988)". encyclopedia.com. Retrieved September 1, 2024.
  46. ^ "About". Dan Knight. 2021. Retrieved September 1, 2024.
  47. ^ "Political Graveyard". LOVELESS. Retrieved December 19, 2010.
  48. ^ "Obituaries – Emma Louise Lowe, Home Restorer". The Washington Post. December 30, 1995. Archived from the original on October 24, 2021. Retrieved October 26, 2021.
  49. ^ "Ottumwa Courier - Obituaries". Ottumwa Courier. December 31, 2014. Retrieved September 1, 2024.
  50. ^ "Karen Morley, 93; Star of 1930s Films Was Blacklisted in '50s". Los Angeles Times. April 23, 2003. Retrieved April 21, 2019.
  51. ^ "Famous Iowans – Morris, Carol". The Des Moines Register. Archived from the original on January 2, 2013. Retrieved December 23, 2010.
  52. ^ Nowlin, Bill. "Harry Ostdiek". Society for American Baseball Research. Retrieved September 1, 2024.
  53. ^ "Inventors". Women in World History. Gale Research Inc. 2002. Retrieved May 12, 2017. Potts, Mary Florence (c. 1853–?). American inventor of the most popular irons ever used.
  54. ^ "BASEBALL-Reference". Jake Weimer. Retrieved December 19, 2010.
  55. ^ "Archives - Philly.com". articles.philly.com.
  56. ^ "TV Acres". Restaurants, Bars & Nightclubs. Archived from the original on September 18, 2012. Retrieved December 23, 2010.
[edit]
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