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Where Eagles Dare

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For other uses, see Where Eagles Dare (disambiguation).

Where Eagles Dare
UK quad crown release poster
by Howard Terpning
Directed byBrian G. Hutton
Screenplay byAlistair MacLean
Based onWhere Eagles Dare
1967 novel
by Alistair MacLean
Produced byElliott Kastner
Starring
CinematographyArthur Ibbetson
Edited byJohn Jympson
Music byRon Goodwin
Color processMetrocolor
Production
company
Winkast Film Productions
Distributed byMetro-Goldwyn-Mayer
Release date
  • 4 December 1968 (1968-12-04)
Running time
155 minutes
CountriesUnited States
United Kingdom
LanguageEnglish
Budget$6.2 million[1]–$7.7 million[2]
Box office$21 million[3]

Where Eagles Dare is a 1968 action adventure war thriller spy film directed by Brian G. Hutton and starring Richard Burton, Clint Eastwood and Mary Ure. Set during World War II, it follows a Special Operations Executive team charged with saving a captured American General from the fictional Schloß Adler fortress, except the mission turns out not to be as it seems. It was filmed in Panavision using the Metrocolor process, and was distributed by Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer. Alistair MacLean wrote the screenplay, his first, at the same time that he wrote the novel of the same name. Both became commercial successes.

The film involved some of the top filmmakers of the day and was shot on location in Austria and Bavaria. Hollywood stuntman Yakima Canutt was the second unit director and shot most of the action scenes; British stuntman Alf Joint doubled for Burton in many sequences, including the fight on top of the cable car; award-winning conductor and composer Ron Goodwin wrote the film score; and future Oscar nominee Arthur Ibbetson worked on the cinematography. Where Eagles Dare received mostly positive critical reaction, with praise for its action sequences, score and the performances of Burton and Eastwood, and has since been considered a classic.[4][5]

Plot

[edit]

In the winter of 1943-44, MI6 officers Colonel Turner and Admiral Rolland assign Major John Smith, five other commandos of the Special Operations Executive, and U.S. Army Ranger Lieutenant Morris Schaffer of the OSS to save U.S. Army Brigadier General George Carnaby, a chief planner for the Western Front, captured by the Germans and held at the Schloß Adler, a alpine mountaintop fortress in the Bavarian village of Werfen, accessible only by cable car. Disguised as German troops, Smith and his team are to parachute in, infiltrate the castle, and rescue Carnaby before the Germans can interrogate him. After a Ju 52 transport plane drops the team, agent Mary Ellison is dropped separately in secret, her presence known only to Smith.

Though two commandos, Harrod and MacPherson, are mysteriously killed, Smith continues the operation; he keeps Schaffer as a close ally, and in Werfen, helps Mary meet local agent Heidi Schmidt, who arranges for Mary to be employed at the castle. Smith tells Mary that Carnaby's capture was deliberately staged by the British, and that Carnaby is actually an impersonator named Cartwright Jones. When the Germans surround the commandos in a gasthaus, Smith and Schaffer surrender and are separated from the remaining three operatives: Thomas, Berkeley, and Christiansen. Major von Hapen, in charge of the Gestapo activities in the area, and has a rocky relationship with his superiors, General Rosemeyer and Standartenführer Kramer, escorts Mary and Heidi to the castle. Smith and Schaffer kill their captors, blow up a supply depot, and prepare an escape route for later use. They ride on the roof of a cable car up to the castle, and then climb inside when Mary lowers a rope.

Rosemeyer and Kramer interrogate Carnaby when the three new prisoners arrive, who reveal themselves as German double agents. When Kramer suggests for his secretary, trained nurse Anne-Marie Kernitser to use truth serum on Carnaby, Smith and Schaffer intrude, weapons drawn, but Smith forces Schaffer to disarm, identifying himself as Sturmbannführer Johann Schmidt of the Schutzstaffel's SD intelligence branch. He conveys proof of his identity, which includes showing the name of Germany's top spy in Britain to Kramer, who silently affirms it. He exposes "General Carnaby" as Corporal Cartwright Jones, and claims that the double agents are British impostors, Smith proposes that they prove themselves by writing down the names of their fellow agents in Britain, to be compared to his own list in his pocket. After the three finish their lists, Smith kills a guard and reveals that he was bluffing, and that the actual objective of the mission was to exploit the staged capture of Jones to penetrate the Sicherheitsdienst in order to obtain the identities of the German agents and their commander. Major von Hapen, who has become suspicious of flaws in Mary's cover story, happens upon the scene just as Smith finishes his explanation. Smith keeps Von Hapen occupied before Mary arrives; Schaffer seizes the opportunity to kill Von Hapen, Kramer, Rosemeyer and Kernitser with his silenced pistol. The group then makes its escape, taking the three double agents as prisoners. Schaffer sets explosives to create diversions around the castle, while Smith uses the radio room to inform Rolland of their success. From there they head to the cable car station, sacrificing Thomas as a decoy. Berkeley and Christiansen break free and attempt their own escape in a cable car; both are thwarted and killed by Smith. The group reunites with Heidi on the ground, boarding a bus they prepared earlier as an escape vehicle. They battle their way onto an airfield and escape via their Ju 52 transport, where Turner is waiting.

In the air, Smith reveals that Kramer confirmed Turner as Germany's top spy in Britain. Rolland lured Turner and the other double agents into the mission to expose them. Smith's trusted partner Mary and the American Schaffer (who had no connection to MI6) were assigned to the mission to ensure its success. Turner aims a Sten gun, but Rolland anticipated such a move and removed its firing pin. To avoid a humiliating court martial and execution, Turner is permitted to jump from the aircraft to his death. As the exhausted operatives fly home, Schaffer humorously tells Smith to keep keep his next mission "all-British".

Cast

[edit]

Production

[edit]
Festung Hohenwerfen, in Werfen, Austria, where the castle scenes were filmed

Development

[edit]

Burton later said, "I decided to do the picture because Elizabeth's two sons said they were fed up with me making films they weren't allowed to see, or in which I get killed. They wanted me to kill a few people instead."[6]

Burton approached producer Elliott Kastner "and asked him if he had some super-hero stuff for me where I don't get killed in the end."[7]

The producer consulted MacLean and requested an adventure film filled with mystery, suspense, and action. Most of MacLean's novels had been made into films or were being filmed. Kastner persuaded MacLean to write a new story; six weeks later, he delivered the script, at that time entitled Castle of Eagles. Kastner hated the title, and chose Where Eagles Dare instead. The title[8] is from Act I, Scene III, Line 71 in William Shakespeare's Richard III: "The world is grown so bad, that wrens make prey where eagles dare not perch". Like virtually all of MacLean's works, Where Eagles Dare features his trademark "secret traitor", who must be unmasked by the end.

Kastner and co-producer Jerry Gershwin announced in July 1966 that they had purchased five MacLean scripts, starting with Where Eagles Dare and When Eight Bells Toll.[9] Brian Hutton had just made Sol Madrid for the producers and was signed to direct.[10]

Filming

[edit]

Eastwood and Burton reportedly dubbed the film 'Where Doubles Dare' due to the amount of screen time in which stand-ins doubled for the cast during action sequences.[4] Filming began on 2 January 1968 in Austria and concluded in July 1968.[11] Eastwood received a salary of $800,000 while Burton received $1,200,000.[11][12] This is one of the first sound films to have used front projection effect.[13] This technology enabled filming of the scenes where the actors are on top of the cable car.

Eastwood initially thought the script written by MacLean was "terrible" and was "all exposition and complications." According to Derren Nesbitt, Eastwood requested that he be given less dialogue. Most of Schaffer's lines were given to Burton, whilst Eastwood handled most of the action scenes.[14] Director Hutton played to his actors' strengths, allowing for Burton's theatrical background to help the character of Smith and Eastwood's quiet demeanour to establish Schaffer. Eastwood took the part on the advice of his agent, who felt it would be interesting to see his client appear with someone with seniority. Eastwood and Burton got along well on set.[15] Ingrid Pitt had spent part of her childhood in a concentration camp and reportedlty found it uncomfortable getting to used to seeing the Nazi German uniforms.[16]

Derren Nesbitt was keen to be as authentic as possible with the character of the suspicious Major von Hapen. Whilst on location, he requested to meet a former member of the Gestapo to better understand how to play the character and to get the military regalia correct. While dressed in his SS uniform, he caused a Baron to faint with shock and found out that he was Himmler's driver. Nesbitt said that the "Jewish chronicle called me afterwards and said, 'How could you play a German?' I said 'I do it because I play them very badly.' That seemed to satisfy them." He was injured on set whilst filming the scene in which Schaffer kills von Hapen. The blood squib attached to Nesbitt exploded with such force that he was temporarily blinded, though he made a quick recovery.[14][17]

The filming was delayed due to the adverse weather in Austria. Shooting took place in winter and early spring of 1968, and the crew had to contend with blizzards, sub-zero temperatures and potential avalanches. Further delays were incurred when Richard Burton, well known for his drinking binges, disappeared for several days, with his friends Peter O'Toole, Oliver Reed, Trevor Howard and Richard Harris.[18] As part of his deal with Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer, Clint Eastwood took delivery of a Norton P11 motorcycle, which he 'tested' at Brands Hatch racetrack,[19] accompanied by Ingrid Pitt, something that he had been forbidden from doing by Kastner for insurance purposes in case of injury or worse.[20]

Stuntman Alf Joint, who had played Capungo – the man whom 007 electrocuted in the bathtub in Goldfinger – doubled and was stand-in for Richard Burton, and performed the famous cable car jump sequence, during which he lost three teeth.[18] Joint stated that at one point during production, Burton was so drunk that he knocked himself out while filming and Joint had to quickly fill in for him.[21] Derren Nesbitt observed that Burton was drinking as many as four bottles of vodka per day.[22]

Visitors to the set included Burton's wife Elizabeth Taylor, and Robert Shaw, who was then married to Mary Ure.[18]

At one point during filming, Burton was threatened at gunpoint by an overzealous fan; "Burton daring him to pull the trigger and still no hotel employee in sight. It ended with the man ordering all of us to sit side-by-side on a bench with our hands up. I felt for the poor young assistant director, in terror that the main asset of Where Eagles Dare might be assassinated on his watch. He was on his knees before the man, literally praying: ‘Please put the gun down... please, please put the gun down.’ The bedrooms at the Osterreichischer Hof are along open galleries above its lobby, seemingly rising to infinity. Glancing up, I saw a flash of bright pink descending gallery by gallery. Elizabeth Taylor was coming back downstairs to see what all the commotion was about. Clearly just roused from sleep, she was barefoot, in a pink chiffon nightdress with an old leather coat clutched around it. But there was no sleep in those amazing violet eyes. Just fury. ‘Richard,’ she hissed. ‘Whatever is going on? Your voice is echoing all over this hotel.’ The man gazed at her in stupefaction, then stuffed away the gun and held out his hand. ‘Oh,’ he gasped. ‘This is such a pleasure...’ Both she and Burton ignored him and began screaming at each other. In Welsh. It did seem a great language to swear in. Finally, Taylor turned on her (bare) heel and started stomping up the staircase. ‘Either come now,’ she called over her shoulder, ‘or don’t bother to come at all. Ever!’

The man gazed after her for a dumbstruck moment, then got his gun out again and ordered Burton to rejoin us on the bench and re-raise his hands. The drama fizzled out into an anti-climax one could never put into a movie. A few moments later, he said he had to go to the toilet and told us not to move. As soon as his back was turned, we bolted to the lifts."[23]

The Junkers Ju 52 used to fly Smith and Schaffer's team into Austria and then make their escape at the end of the film was a Swiss Air Force Ju 52/3m, registration A-702.[24] It was destroyed in an accident on 4 August 2018, killing all 20 people on board.[25][26][27]

  • The castle setting was Hohenwerfen Castle, Werfen, Austria; filmed in January 1968.
  • The cable car used was a Feuerkogel Seilbahn at Ebensee, Austria; filmed in January 1968.
    Note: the scenes featuring the castle and the cable car together were filmed using a scale model.[28][29][30]
  • Airport scenes were filmed at the Flugplatz at Aigen im Ennstal, Austria; filmed in early 1968. The exact place of filming is the "Fiala-Fernbrugg" garrison, still used by HS Geschwader 2 and FlAR2/3rd Bat. of the Austrian Army. The big rocky mountain in the background of the airfield is the Grimming mountains, about 40 km east of the "Hoher Dachstein", or about 80 km east and 10 km south from Werfen.[31]
  • The village setting was Lofer, Austria; filmed in January 1968.
  • Other scenes were shot at MGM-British Studios, Borehamwood, England; filmed in spring 1968.[32]

Release

[edit]

Where Eagles Dare received a Royal premiere at the Empire, Leicester Square cinema on 22 January 1969 with Princess Alexandra in attendance. Of the stars of the film, only Clint Eastwood was not present as he was filming Two Mules for Sister Sara in Mexico.[33]

Reception

[edit]

Where Eagles Dare was a huge success,[34] earning $6,560,000 at the North American box office during its first year of release.[35] It was the seventh-most popular film at the UK box office in 1969, and 13th in the US.[36]

Though many critics found the plot somewhat confusing, reviews of the film were generally positive. Vincent Canby of the New York Times gave a positive review, praising the action scenes and cinematography.[37] Likewise, Variety praised the film, describing it as 'Highly entertaining, thrilling and rarely lets down for a moment… more of a saga of cool, calculated courage, than any glorification of war.'.[38] The film was particularly lucrative for Richard Burton, who earned a considerable sum in royalties through television repeats and video sales.[39] Where Eagles Dare had its first showing on British television on 26 December 1979 on BBC1.

Mad Magazine published a satire of the film in its October 1969 issue under the title "Where Vultures Fare." In 2009 Cinema Retro released a special issue dedicated to Where Eagles Dare which detailed the production and filming of the film.[40]

Years after its debut, Where Eagles Dare enjoys a reputation as a classic[41][4] and is considered by many as one of the best war films of all time.[42][43][44] General praise is given towards Burton and Eastwood's performances, as well as the various actions scenes.[45] Director Steven Spielberg cited it as his favourite war film.[46][47] Empire film critic Ian Nathan gave the film three out of five stars, citing it as "A fine example of that war movie staple" and calling it, a "Classic War caper with a few too many plot contrivances but high on adventure".[48] From the review in The Movie Scene: ""Where Eagles Dare" is by no means a great movie but it achieves what it sets out to do and that is to deliver action, adventure and excitement in a Boy's Own kind of way."[49]

Home media

[edit]

Where Eagles Dare was released on Blu-ray in 2010.[50]

Soundtrack

[edit]
Where Eagles Dare
Soundtrack album by
Ron Goodwin
Released4 January 2005
GenreSoundtracks
Film music
Length74:07
LabelFilm Score Monthly
ProducerLukas Kendall

The score was composed by Ron Goodwin. A soundtrack was released on Compact Disc in 2005 by Film Score Monthly, of the Silver Age Classics series, in association with Turner Entertainment. It was a two-disc release, the first CD being the film music, the second the film music for Operation Crossbow and source music for Where Eagles Dare. The release has been limited to 3,000 pressings. The soundtrack has received critical acclaim.[51]

Disc one
No.TitleLength
1."Main Title" 
2."Before Jump/Death of Harrod" 
3."Mary and Smith Meet/Sting on Castle/Parade Ground" 
4."Preparation in Luggage Office/Fight in Car" 
5."The Booby Trap" 
6."Ascent on the Cable Car" 
7."Death of Radio Engineer and Helicopter Pilot" 
8."Checking on Smith/Names in Notebook" 
9."Smith Triumphs Over Nazis" 
10."Intermission Playout" 
11."Entr'Acte" 
12."Encounter in the Castle" 
13."Journey Through the Castle Part 1" 
14."Journey Through the Castle Part 2" 
15."Descent and Fight on the Cable Car" 
16."Escape from the Cable Car" 
17."Chase, Part 1 and 2" 
18."The Chase in the Airfield" 
19."The Real Traitor" 
20."End Playout" 

Novel

[edit]

The principal difference is that the 1966 novel by Alistair MacLean is less violent. One scene during the escape from the castle where Smith saves a German guard from burning to death presaged the non-lethal thriller vein that MacLean would explore in his later career. In the novel the characters are more clearly defined and slightly more humorous than their depictions in the film, which is fast-paced and has sombre performances from Burton and Eastwood at its centre. Three characters are differently named in the novel: Ted Berkeley is called Edward Carraciola, Jock MacPherson is called Torrance-Smythe, and Major von Hapen is instead Captain von Brauchitsch. The love stories between Schaffer and Heidi and between Smith and Mary were also cut.[52] Indeed, in the novel Smith asks London to arrange for a priest to meet them at the airport.

In the book the group is flown into Germany on board an RAF Avro Lancaster, whereas in the film they are transported in a Luftwaffe Junkers Ju 52. While in the film Kramer, Rosemeyer, and von Hapen are shot dead by Schaffer, in the novel they are just given high doses of nembutal. In the book Thomas, Carraciola, and Christiansen attempt to escape in the cable car with Smith on the roof. Carraciola is crushed by the steel suspension arm of the cable car while struggling with Smith on the roof; Thomas and Christiansen fall to their deaths after Smith blows the cable car up with plastic explosive. In the film Christiansen is killed and Berkeley (Carraciola in the novel) incapacitated by Smith on the cable car (he dies when the cable car explodes), and Thomas is shot and killed by a German while climbing down a rope.[53]

References

[edit]

Notes

  1. ^ Webster, Jack (1991). Alistair MacLean: A Life. Chapmans. p. 133.
  2. ^ "Metro-Goldwyn Omits Dividend; O'Brien Resigns: Board Cites Possible Loss Of Up to $19 Million in The Current Fiscal Year Bronfman Named Chairman". Wall Street Journal. 27 May 1969. p. 2.
  3. ^ Hughes, p.194
  4. ^ a b c "Where Eagles Dare". TCM. Archived from the original on 11 November 2022. Retrieved 11 November 2022.
  5. ^ "The Spinning Image, Where Eagles Dare". thespinningimage.co.uk. 14 March 2012. Retrieved 14 March 2012.
  6. ^ "3 Companies Offer to Bankroll Burton Film". Los Angeles Times. 22 February 1968. p. d16.
  7. ^ Aba, Marika (21 July 1968). "The Burtons... 'Just Another Working Couple'". Los Angeles Times. p. c18.
  8. ^ "Broadsword Calling Danny-Boy... the making of Where Eagles Dare". Film Review 1998: republished in The Cellulord is Watching. Archived from the original on 4 October 2013. Retrieved 1 October 2013.
  9. ^ Martin, Betty (30 July 1966). "Gene Kelly to Do 'Married'". Los Angeles Times. p. 18.
  10. ^ "'Isadora' Shooting Under Way". Los Angeles Times. 7 September 1967. p. d20.
  11. ^ a b Hughes, pp.191–192
  12. ^ Munn, p. 79
  13. ^ Lightman, Herb A. "Front Projection for "2001: A Space Odyssey"". American Cinematographer. Archived from the original on 2 January 2013. Retrieved 26 October 2013.
  14. ^ a b A Conversation with Derren Nesbitt. "Major von Hapen" in "Where Eagles Dare" Archived 16 October 2016 at the Wayback Machine. YouTube (10 June 2013). Retrieved on 2015-11-20.
  15. ^ "The Clint Eastwood Archive: Eastwood Interviewed # 03 Clint on Clint Empire Magazine November 2008". 15 December 2009. Archived from the original on 20 October 2017. Retrieved 19 October 2017.
  16. ^ https://www.denofgeek.com/movies/celebrating-where-eagles-dare/
  17. ^ "Actor Injured as Burton Fires 'Shot'". Chicago Tribune. 25 April 1968. p. b30.
  18. ^ a b c the cellulord is watching: Where Eagles Dare Archived 4 October 2013 at the Wayback Machine. Cellulord.blogspot.co.uk. Retrieved on 20 November 2015.
  19. ^ "Norton Motors homepage". Nortonmotors.de. Archived from the original on 26 November 2015. Retrieved 17 August 2016.
  20. ^ If Only Archived 15 March 2015 at the Wayback Machine. Ingridpitt.net. Retrieved on 20 November 2015.
  21. ^ "The cellulord is watching: Where Eagles Dare". Archived from the original on 1 April 2017. Retrieved 1 April 2017.
  22. ^ Armstrong, Neil (3 July 2018). "The Daily Telegraph". The Telegraph. Archived from the original on 10 July 2018. Retrieved 20 October 2018.
  23. ^ "The Clint Eastwood Archive: Where Eagles Dare: Terror behind the scenes!". 3 January 2018. Archived from the original on 21 October 2018. Retrieved 20 October 2018.
  24. ^ Where Eagles Dare – The Internet Movie Plane Database Archived 30 October 2014 at the Wayback Machine. Impdb.org (30 January 2015). Retrieved on 20 November 2015.
  25. ^ Siddique, Haroon (5 August 2018). "Swiss Alps plane crash leaves all 20 passengers and crew dead". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 5 August 2018. Retrieved 5 August 2018.
  26. ^ "20 dead in Junkers Ju 52 crash in Switzerland". Airliners.Ne. 4 August 2018. Archived from the original on 5 August 2018. Retrieved 5 August 2018.
  27. ^ "Aviation Safety Network". Flight Safety Foundation. Archived from the original on 16 December 2019. Retrieved 20 April 2019.
  28. ^ "the studiotour.com - MGM Borehamwood - Backlot". Archived from the original on 26 February 2021. Retrieved 4 May 2021.
  29. ^ "WED-MOUNTAIN-Image6-TXT". xtremelaser.com. Archived from the original on 28 February 2016. Retrieved 12 January 2022.
  30. ^ "Film locations—Where Eagles Dare". Archived from the original on 30 September 2018. Retrieved 30 September 2018.
  31. ^ (Trivia) Archived 31 January 2009 at the Wayback Machine. Where Eagles Dare.com (3 January 1997). Retrieved on 20 November 2015.
  32. ^ Where Eagles Dare (1968) Archived 30 October 2014 at the Wayback Machine. Mitteleuropa.x10.mx. Retrieved on 20 November 2015.
  33. ^ "Where Eagles Dare - Memorabilia UK". Archived from the original on 10 October 2022. Retrieved 21 October 2018.
  34. ^ Preview: a young director and his $9 million cliff-hanger: 'Chat' pictures 'What's that?' 'Positive' alternatives By Roderick Nordell. The Christian Science Monitor 7 Mar 1969: 4.
  35. ^ "Big Rental Films of 1969", Variety, 7 January 1970 p. 15
  36. ^ "The World's Top Twenty Films." Sunday Times [London, UK] 27 September 1970: 27. The Sunday Times Digital Archive. accessed 5 April 2014
  37. ^ Canby, Vincent (13 March 1969). "Screen: In the War Tradition, 'Where Eagles Dare'". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 20 April 2019. Retrieved 20 April 2019.
  38. ^ "Where Eagles Dare". Variety. 31 December 1968. Archived from the original on 1 February 2018. Retrieved 20 December 2017.
  39. ^ Turner, Robin (31 October 2012). "Richard Burton classic Where Eagles Dare funds new literary prize". Wales Online. Archived from the original on 4 May 2016. Retrieved 20 November 2015.
  40. ^ ""Where Eagles Dare": the updated and revised cinema retro movie classics issue now shipping worldwide!". Cinema Retro. 2 August 2012. Archived from the original on 27 December 2014. Retrieved 20 November 2015.
  41. ^ Pickavance, Mark (30 March 2010). "Celebrating Where Eagles Dare". Den of Geek. Archived from the original on 10 August 2023.
  42. ^ "Where Eagles Dare: No 24 best action and war film of all time". The Guardian. 19 October 2010. Archived from the original on 19 February 2014. Retrieved 23 July 2013.
  43. ^ Neil Armstrong (3 July 2018). "Where Eagles Dare at 50: how Burton and Eastwood – plus a lot of vodka – made the world's favourite war movie". The Telegraph. Telegraph Media Group. Archived from the original on 10 July 2018.
  44. ^ Hann, Michael (April 2020). "My favourite film aged 12: Where Eagles Dare". The Guardian.
  45. ^ Where Eagles Dare Reviews https://www.tvguide.com/movies/where-eagles-dare/review/2000045177/
  46. ^ Dyer, Geoff (6 December 2009). "Geoff Dyer on Where Eagles Dare". The Observer.
  47. ^ "Geoff Dyer Goes Deep on WWII Classic Where Eagles Dare". 26 February 2019.
  48. ^ "Where Eagles dare Review". Empireonline.com. 8 March 2006. Retrieved 30 November 2023.
  49. ^ "Where Eagles Dare (1968)". Themoviescene.co.uk.
  50. ^ McEneany, Chris (23 June 2010). "Where Eagles Dare Blu-ray Review". AVForums. Retrieved 30 November 2023.
  51. ^ Craig Lysy, MovieMusicUK, 2021, https://moviemusicuk.us/2021/01/11/where-eagles-dare-ron-goodwin/
  52. ^ "I capture the castle". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 9 April 2019. Retrieved 20 April 2019.
  53. ^ "The War Movie Buff: BOOK/MOVIE: Where Eagles Dare (1967/1968)". 29 July 2015. Archived from the original on 21 October 2018. Retrieved 21 October 2018.

Bibliography

  • Hughes, Howard (2009). Aim for the Heart. London: I.B. Tauris. ISBN 978-1-84511-902-7.
  • Munn, Michael (1992). Clint Eastwood: Hollywood's Loner. London: Robson Books. ISBN 0-86051-790-X.
  • Dyer, Geoff (2018). Broadsword Calling Danny Boy. London: Penguin Books. ISBN 978-0141987620.
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