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List of metropolitan areas in Europe

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This is a list of metropolitan areas. For a list of urban areas, see List of urban areas in Europe. For a list of cities proper, see List of European cities by population within city limits. For a list of European cities by country, see List of cities in Europe.
Moscow, the capital of Russia, has the most populous metropolitan area in Europe.
Europe and some parts of Africa and Asia by night. Lights reveal the urbanized areas of Europe. It also shows the Blue Banana megalopolis from north-west England to northern Italy, and the Golden Banana urbanized area between Genoa and Valencia.

This list ranks metropolitan areas in Europe by their population according to three different sources; it includes metropolitan areas that have a population of over 1 million.

Sources

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List includes metropolitan areas according only to the studies of ESPON, Eurostat, and OECD. For European countries not covered by the three institutions, City Population is used as the population count source for the purpose of assessing the inclusion criteria. For this reason some metropolitan areas, like the Italian Genoa Metropolitan Area (with a population of 1,510,781 as of 2010[1]) or the Ukrainian Kryvyi Rih metropolitan area (with a population of 1,170,953 as of 2019[2]), are not included in this list, with data by other statistic survey institutes.

Figures in the first three columns correspond to Functional urban areas (FUA). The concept of a functional urban area defines a metropolitan area as a core urban area defined morphologically on the basis of population density, plus the surrounding labour pool defined on the basis of commuting. Figures in the first two columns use a harmonised definition of a Functional urban area developed jointly in 2011, with delimitation basing on the DEGURBA method.[3][4]

Figures in the fourth column come from City Population and correspond to variously defined urban agglomerations.

Further information on how the areas are defined can be found in the source documents. These figures should be seen as an interpretation, not as conclusive fact.

Metropolitan areas

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  Areas within the European Union
Metropolitan area name Country OECD
(2020)[5] 		Eurostat[6] ESPON
(2006)[7] 		City Population
(urban agglomerations)
(2024)[8]
Amsterdam metropolitan area  Netherlands 2,017,935 2,915,114 (2022) 2,497,000[a] 2,525,000
Antwerp  Belgium 1,860,869 1,157,068 (2021) 1,406,000[b] 1,240,000
Athens metropolitan area  Greece 3,618,860 3,828,434 (2011) 3,761,000 3,575,000
Barcelona metropolitan area  Spain 5,345,763 5,093,585 (2022) 4,082,000[c] 4,875,000
Belgrade  Serbia 1,612,587 — — 1,430,000
Berlin metropolitan area  Germany 4,558,043 4,979,867 (2021) 4,016,000 4,850,000
Bilbao metropolitan area  Spain 957,261 1,041,059 (2022) 947,000 <1,000,000
Bordeaux  France 1,085,823 1,376,375 (2020) 918,000 1,140,000
Greater Bristol  United Kingdom 1,274,128 955,541 (2018) 1,041,000 <1,000,000
Brussels metropolitan area  Belgium 2,338,157 3,350,969 (2022) 2,639,000[b] 2,750,000
Bucharest metropolitan area  Romania 2,348,982 2,478,618 (2018) 2,064,000 2,200,000
Budapest metropolitan area  Hungary 2,798,396 3,001,643 (2022) 2,523,000 2,500,000
Cardiff  United Kingdom 1,165,502 915,466 (2018) 1,097,000 <1,000,000
Copenhagen metropolitan area  Denmark 2,088,197 1,928,612 (2013) 1,881,000[d] 1,770,000
Dnipro  Ukraine 1,014,593 — — 1,330,000[e]
Donetsk  Ukraine 1,450,194 — — 1,410,000[f]
Dublin Metropolitan Area  Ireland 1,721,812 1,793,902 (2011) 1,477,000 1,530,000
Frankfurt Rhine-Main  Germany 3,167,862 2,678,557 (2021) 2,764,000[g] 3,300,000
Gdańsk (Tricity)  Poland 987,006 1,223,884 (2021) 993,000 <1,000,000
Greater Glasgow  United Kingdom 1,790,499 1,830,710 (2018) 1,395,000 1,700,000
Gothenburg  Sweden 941,867 1,021,831 (2018) 759,000 <1,000,000
The Hague  Netherlands 3,592,389[h] 1,132,975 (2021) 1,404,000[a] 3,400,000[h]
Hamburg Metropolitan Region  Germany 2,763,491 3,421,692 (2021) 2,983,000 2,925,000
Hannover  Germany 1,156,114 1,289,320 (2021) 997,000[i] 1,150,000
Helsinki Metropolitan Area  Finland 1,439,175 1,551,959 (2022) 1,285,000 1,530,000
Istanbul[j]  Turkey 14,693,269 11,044,642 (2004) — 15,900,000
Katowice metropolitan area  Poland 2,843,725 2,417,386 (2021) 3,029,000[k] 2,225,000
Kazan metropolitan area  Russia 1,341,784 — — 1,590,000
Kharkiv  Ukraine 1,713,794 — — 1,600,000[e]
Kraków metropolitan area  Poland 1,339,089 1,489,912 (2021) 1,236,000 <1,000,000
Kyiv metropolitan area  Ukraine 3,545,076 — — 3,475,000[e]
Lille  France 1,226,810 1,515,061 (2020) 1,161,000[l] 1,320,000
Lisbon metropolitan area  Portugal 2,731,340 3,049,222 (2023) 2,591,000 2,500,000
Łódź metropolitan area  Poland 1,041,339 893,083 (2021) 1,165,000 <1,000,000
London metropolitan area  United Kingdom 13,475,297 12,434,823 (2018) 11,203,000 14,900,000
Lyon  France 2,090,206 2,293,180 (2020) 1,669,000 2,025,000
Madrid metropolitan area  Spain 6,989,714 6,982,656 (2022) 5,263,000 6,650,000
Málaga-Marbella  Spain 1,288,693[m] 1,230,313[n] (2022) 775,000[o] 1,090,000
Greater Manchester  United Kingdom 3,374,693 3,348,274 (2018) 2,556,000 3,150,000
Mannheim-Ludwigshafen  Germany 1,755,988 1,318,805 (2021) 1,136,000[p] 1,590,000
Marseille  France 1,322,989[q] 1,879,601 (2020) 1,530,000 1,700,000
Merseyside (Liverpool/Birkenhead)  United Kingdom 1,729,058 1,533,860 (2018) 2,241,000 1,890,000
Milan metropolitan area  Italy 5,301,987 4,934,205 (2022) 4,136,000[r] 6,100,000[s]
Minsk metropolitan area  Belarus 2,173,105 — — 2,100,000
Moscow metropolitan area  Russia 17,217,606 — — 19,100,000
Munich  Germany 2,618,482 3,016,834 (2021) 2,665,000[t] 2,300,000
Nantes  France 946,441 1,022,775 (2020) 708,000 <1,000,000
Naples metropolitan area  Italy 4,095,364 3,303,711 (2022) 2,905,000[u] 4,050,000[v]
Nice  France 1,143,557 618,489 (2020) 1,082,000 <1,000,000
Nizhny Novgorod  Russia 1,430,212 — — 1,660,000
Nottingham-Derby  United Kingdom 1,618,393 1,406,315[w] (2018) 1,534,000 1,380,000
Northwest Metropolitan Region (Bremen)  Germany 912,616 1,046,897 (2021) 1,077,000 1,000,000
Nuremberg Metropolitan Region  Germany 1,307,726 1,181,541 (2021) 1,443,000 1,210,000
Odesa  Ukraine 1,273,381 — — 1,100,000[e]
Greater Oslo Region  Norway 1,422,223 1,278,827 (2013) 1,037,000 1,260,000
Ostrava metropolitan area  Czech Republic 539,358 695,244 (2022) 1,046,000[k] <1,000,000
Paris metropolitan area  France 11,249,025 13,125,142 (2020) 11,175,000 11,500,000
Perm  Russia 379,623 — — 1,090,000
Porto Metropolitan Area  Portugal 1,651,124 1,316,989 (2023) 1,245,000[x] 1,550,000
Portsmouth-Southampton  United Kingdom 1,390,006 1,230,011[y] (2018) 1,547,000 1,150,000
Poznań metropolitan area  Poland 975,965 1,051,414 (2021) 919,000 <1,000,000
Prague metropolitan area  Czech Republic 1,977,776 2,216,746 (2022) 1,669,000 1,470,000
Rhein-Nord[z] (Düsseldorf - Neuss)  Germany 2,557,228[aa] 2,247,629[ab] (2021) 3,073,000[ac][ad] 5,000,000[ae]
Rhein-Süd[z] (Cologne - Bonn)  Germany 3,354,797 3,005,728[af] (2021) 3,070,000[ad] 5,000,000[ae]
Riga metropolitan area  Latvia 762,194 917,351 (2022) 1,195,000 <1,000,000
Rome metropolitan area  Italy 3,684,930 4,291,581 (2022) 5,190,000 3,425,000
Rostov-on-Don  Russia 1,349,583 — — 1,410,000
Rotterdam  Netherlands 3,592,389[h] 1,902,704 (2022) 1,904,000[a] 3,400,000[h]
Ruhr[z]  Germany 6,108,500 5,068,912 (2021) 5,376,000[ag][ad] 5,650,000
Saarbrücken - Forbach  Germany/
 France 		582,231 522,983[ah] (2021) 1,102,000 <1,000,000
Saint Petersburg metropolitan area  Russia 5,518,560 — — 6,500,000
Samara  Russia 1,307,406 — — 1,370,000
Saratov  Russia 1,097,493 — — 1,210,000
Seville  Spain 1,299,106 1,556,975 (2021) 1,180,000[ai] 1,300,000
Sofia  Bulgaria 1,488,887 1,531,867 (2022) 1,174,000 1,240,000
South Yorkshire (Sheffield-Doncaster)  United Kingdom 1,166,720 1,189,393 (2018) 1,869,000 1,540,000
Metropolitan Stockholm  Sweden 2,241,651 2,308,143 (2018) 2,171,000 2,275,000
Stuttgart Metropolitan Region  Germany 2,300,011 2,531,040 (2021) 2,289,000 2,400,000
Tbilisi[aj]  Georgia 1,042,204 — — 1,420,000
Thessaloniki metropolitan area  Greece 1,011,795 973,997 (2011) 1,052,000 <1,000,000
Toulouse  France 1,332,370 1,470,899 (2020) 832,000 1,130,000
Turin metropolitan area  Italy 1,828,088 1,712,372 (2022) 1,601,000[ak] 1,580,000
Tyne and Wear (Newcastle-Sunderland)  United Kingdom 1,719,730 1,175,274 (2018) 1,599,000 1,470,000
Ufa  Russia 1,149,103 — — 1,230,000
Valencia  Spain 1,916,932 1,775,845 (2022) 1,398,000[al] 1,920,000
Vienna  Austria 2,565,196 — 2,584,000 2,350,000
Volgograd  Russia 1,402,254 — — 1,090,000
Voronezh  Russia 1,127,100 — — 1,170,000
Warsaw metropolitan area  Poland 2,975,932 3,374,742 (2021) 2,785,000 2,500,000
West Midlands conurbation (Birmingham)  United Kingdom 3,083,783 3,097,965 (2018) 3,683,000 3,250,000
West Yorkshire Built-up Area (Leeds - Bradford)  United Kingdom 3,010,473 2,619,128 (2018) 2,302,000 2,225,000
Yerevan[aj]  Armenia 1,232,670 — — 1,520,000
Zagreb metropolitan area  Croatia 1,008,763 1,161,259 (2022) — <1,000,000
Zürich metropolitan area   Switzerland 2,124,246 1,951,341 (2022) 1,615,000 1,490,000

Polycentric metropolitan areas in the European Union

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Rank Area State Population[9]
1 Rhine-Ruhr metropolitan region  Germany 12,190,000
2 Randstad  Netherlands 6,787,000
3 Katowice-Ostrava metropolitan area  Poland/  Czech Republic 5,294,000
4 Flemish Diamond  Belgium 5,103,000
5 Vienna-Bratislava metropolitan region  Austria/  Slovakia 4,600,000

See also

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Regional and country-specific lists

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Notes

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  1. ^ a b c Part of the Randstad polycentric urban region consisting of the metropolitan areas of Amsterdam (2,497,000), Rotterdam (1,904,000), The Hague (1,404,000), and Utrecht (982,000). The total population of the region is 6,787,000.
  2. ^ a b The Flemish Diamond metropolitan region, which consists of the metropolitan areas of Brussels, Antwerp, Gent, and Leuven, has a total population of 5,103,000.
  3. ^ Total population is 4,251,000 if the metropolitan area of Mataro (169,000) is included.
  4. ^ Part of the wider Öresund region, which includes the Danish metropolitan area of Copenhagen (1,881,000) and the Swedish metropolitan areas of Malmö (667,000) and Helsingborg (294,000). The total regional population is 2,842,000.
  5. ^ a b c d Doesn't consider the impact of the Russian invasion
  6. ^ Probable overestimate
  7. ^ Part of the Rhein-Main metropolitan region with a total population of 4,149,000, which additionally includes the metropolitan areas of Darmstadt (501,000), Wiesbaden (453,000), and Mainz (431,000).
  8. ^ a b c d Combined total population of Rotterdam–The Hague metropolitan area.
  9. ^ Estmation.
  10. ^ 65% of the population lives on the European part
  11. ^ a b Part of the polycentric Katowice-Ostrava metropolitan area with a total population of 5,294,000. The region includes the metropolitan areas of Katowice (3,029,000) Ostrava (1,046,000), Bielsko-Biała (584,000), Rybnik (526,000) and Racibórz (109,000).
  12. ^ Part of the wider Lille-Bassin Minier region with a total population of 3,115,000.
  13. ^ Lists Málaga (1,048,764) and Marbella (239,929) as two separate metropolitan areas.
  14. ^ Lists Málaga (887,146) and Marbella (343,167) as two separate metropolitan areas.
  15. ^ Total population is 844,000 if the metropolitan area of Vélez-Málaga (69,000) is included.
  16. ^ Lists Mannheim (683,000) and Ludwigshafen (453,000) as two of eight FUAs within the Rhein-Neckar poly-FUA (2,931,000).
  17. ^ Does not include Aix-en-Provence, which OECD, unlike INSEE, considers as a separate metropolitan area, with a population of 243,615 in 2020.
  18. ^ Part of a wider Milan polycentric metropolitan area with a total population of 6,011,000.
  19. ^ Combined total population of Milan and Bergamo metropolitan areas.
  20. ^ Total population is 3,271,000 if the metropolitan area of Augsburg (606,000) is included.
  21. ^ Part of a wider polycentric metropolitan area with a population of 3,714,000.
  22. ^ Combined total population of Naples, Caserta, and Salerno metropolitan areas.
  23. ^ Lists Nottingham (919,484) and Derby (486,831) as two separate metropolitan areas.
  24. ^ Part of a wider polycentric urban region with a population of 1,778,000.
  25. ^ Lists Portsmouth (542,040) and Southampton (687,971) as two separate metropolitan areas.
  26. ^ a b c Polycentric metropolitan area
  27. ^ Lists Düsseldorf (1,087,466), Wuppertal (872,475), and Mönchengladbach (597,287) as three separate metropolitan areas.
  28. ^ Lists Düsseldorf (1,464,904), Wuppertal (383,594), and Mönchengladbach (399,131) as three separate metropolitan areas.
  29. ^ Includes Duisburg metropolitan area of Ruhr.
  30. ^ a b c Part of the polycentric urban region of Rhein-Ruhr, which has a total population of 12,190,000.
  31. ^ a b Combined total population of Cologne-Bonn and Düsseldorf-Neuss metropolitan areas.
  32. ^ Lists Cologne (2,215,509) and Bonn (790,219) as two separate metropolitan areas.
  33. ^ Does not include Duisburg metropolitan area.
  34. ^ Does not include the French part.
  35. ^ Total population is 1,262,000 if the metropolitan area of Utrera (82,000) is included.
  36. ^ a b Continental placement may vary depending on geographic convention being followed.
  37. ^ Total population is 1,716,000 if the metropolitan area of Pinerolo (115,000) is included.
  38. ^ Total population is 1,499,000 if the metropolitan area of Sagunto (101,000) is included.

References

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  1. ^ "Urbanismi, Cluster urbani e aree metropolitane – volume primo, Italia" (PDF) (in Italian). Archived from the original (PDF) on 6 October 2014. Retrieved 23 February 2013.
  2. ^ "Чисельність наявного населення України на 1 січня 2019" (PDF).(in Ukrainian)
  3. ^ Lewis Dijkstra, Hugo Poelman (2012-03-01). Cities in Europe - The new OECD-EC definition (PDF) (Report). p. 2. Retrieved 2024-06-08. Until recently, there was no harmonised definition of 'a city' for European and other countries member of the Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD). This undermined the comparability, and thus also the credibility, of cross-country analysis of cities. To resolve this problem, the OECD and the European Commission developed a new definition of a city and its commuting zone in 2011. […] Each city is part of its own commuting zone or a polycentric commuting zone covering multiple cities. These commuting zones are significant, especially for larger cities. The cities and commuting zones together (called Larger Urban Zones) account for 60 % of the EU population.
  4. ^ "Territorial typologies manual - cities, commuting zones and functional urban areas". Eurostat. Within the Urban Audit, (...) functional urban areas were previously referred to as 'larger urban zones'.
  5. ^ "OECD: FUAs and Cities". OECD. p. 77. Retrieved 10 October 2024.
  6. ^ "Database". ec.europa.eu. Eurostat. Retrieved 16 Jun 2024. Population on 1 January by age groups and sex - functional urban areas (urb_lpop1)
  7. ^ "Study on Urban Functions (Project 1.4.3)]" (PDF). European Spatial Planning Observation Network. March 2007. Archived from the original (PDF) on 24 September 2015., Final Report, Chapter 3
  8. ^ Brinkhoff, Thomas (1 January 2024). "Major Agglomerations of The World". citypopulation.de. Retrieved 4 March 2024.
  9. ^ European Spatial Planning Observation Network, Study on Urban Functions (Project 1.4.3) Archived 2015-09-24 at the Wayback Machine, Final Report, Chapter 3, (ESPON, 2007) page 241-243
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  • Geopolis: research group, university of Paris-Diderot, France - Population of urban areas of 10,000 or more
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