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Hawker Fury

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
For the later monoplane fighter of the same name, see Hawker Sea Fury.

Fury
Hawker Fury K5674, painted in 43 Squadron colours
General information
TypeFighter
ManufacturerHawker Aircraft
Primary usersRoyal Air Force
Number built275
History
Introduction date1931
First flight25 March 1931
Retired1949 Imperial Iranian Air Force[1]

The Hawker Fury is a British biplane fighter aircraft used by the Royal Air Force in the 1930s. It was a fast, agile aircraft, and the first interceptor in RAF service faster than 200 mph (320 km/h) in level flight.[2] It was the fighter counterpart to the Hawker Hart light bomber.

Design and development

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The Hawker Fury was a development of the earlier Hawker F.20/27 prototype fighter, replacing the radial engine of the F.20/27 with the new Rolls-Royce F.XI V-12 engine (later known as the Rolls-Royce Kestrel), which was also used by Hawker's new light bomber, the Hawker Hart. The new fighter prototype, known as the Hawker Hornet, first flew at Brooklands, Surrey, in March 1929.[3] The Hornet was a single-engined biplane, with single bay wings, initially powered by a 420 hp (310 kW) Rolls-Royce F.XIC engine enclosed by a smooth, streamlined cowling but was quickly re-engined with a 480 hp (360 kW) Kestrel IS.[4] The prototype was evaluated against the similarly powered Fairey Firefly II, being preferred because of its better handling and its all metal structure, compared with the mainly wooden construction of the Firefly.[5]

The Hornet was purchased by the Air Ministry at the start of 1930 and was subject to more tests, with a small initial production order for 21 aircraft (to be called Hawker Fury – as the Air Ministry wanted fighter names that "reflected ferocity") placed during 1930.[3] The Fury I made its maiden flight at Brooklands, with chief test pilot George Bulman at the controls, on 25 March 1931.[6] The Fury was the first operational RAF fighter aircraft to be able to exceed 200 mph (320 km/h) in level flight. It had highly sensitive controls which gave it superb aerobatic performance. It was designed partly for the fast interception of bombers and to that end it could climb to 10,000 ft (3,000 m) in 4 minutes 25 seconds, powered by a 525 hp (391 kW) Kestrel engine.[7]

An experimental prototype, the High Speed Fury, was built to test design features for Hawker's planned competitor for the F.7/30 fighter competition (the Hawker P.V.3) as well as for more general development.[2] While the P.V.3 was unsuccessful owing to the use of the unreliable evaporatively cooled Rolls-Royce Goshawk engine, many of the improvements tested on the High Speed Fury were incorporated in an improved Fury II, with a cleaned up airframe and reduced drag, powered by a 690 hp (510 kW) Mk4 Kestrel engine, which gave improved speed and rate of climb.[2] Sydney Camm designed a monoplane version of the Fury in 1933. It was not developed until Rolls-Royce produced what became their famous Merlin engine. The design was then revised according to Air Ministry specification F5/34 to become the prototype Hawker Hurricane.[2]

Operational history

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The Fury I entered squadron service with the RAF in May 1931, re-equipping 43 Squadron.[2] Owing to finance cuts in the Great Depression, only relatively small numbers of Fury Is were ordered, the type equipping 1 and 25 squadrons; the slower Bristol Bulldog equipped ten fighter squadrons.[8] The Fury II entered service in 1936–1937, increasing total number of squadrons to six.[2] Furies remained with RAF Fighter Command until January 1939, replaced primarily with Gloster Gladiators and other types, such as Hurricane.[8] After their front line service ended, they continued in use as trainers.[9]

The Fury was exported to several customers, being supplied with a variety of engines, including Kestrels, Hispano Suiza and Lorraine Petrel vee-type engines, Armstrong Siddeley Panther, Pratt & Whitney Hornet and Bristol Mercury radials.[10] Three Furies were ordered by Spain in 1935, it being intended to produce another 50 under licence. The Spanish variant had a cantilever undercarriage design with Dowty internally sprung wheels, similar to that used on the Gladiator and was powered by a 612 hp (456 kW) Hispano Suiza 12Xbr engine, reaching a speed of 234 mph (377 km/h).[11][12] The three Furies were delivered without armament on 11 July 1936, just before the outbreak of the Spanish Civil War. They were taken into service by the Spanish Republican Air Force, being fitted with machine guns salvaged from crashed aircraft.[2] One Fury made a forced landing behind enemy lines due to a lack of fuel and was repaired by the Nationalists, although it was not used operationally, while the Republicans used one of the Furies in the defence of Madrid until wrecked in a crash in November 1936.[13]

Although withdrawn from RAF squadrons, the Fury was still used by some foreign air forces in the early 1940s; Yugoslav Furies saw action against Axis forces in the German invasion of 1941.[14] On 6 April 1941, a squadron of Furies took off against the invading German Messerschmitt Bf 109Es and Messerschmitt Bf 110s. In the resulting air battle 10 Furies were destroyed, almost the entire squadron. The commanding officer of the 36 LG was Major Franjo Džal, who watched from the ground as his men were slaughtered in their obsolete biplanes. In an unequal battle against superior adversaries, five aircraft were destroyed while taking off and eight pilots killed. Two more Furies and Bücker Bü 131 were destroyed on the ground. Of the attacking German aircraft, five Bf 109s and two Bf 110s failed to return, though most were non-combat losses, at least one was lost when rammed by a Fury. The other squadron of Yugoslav Furies active at the time of the invasion strafed enemy tanks and ground forces,[2] some being lost to ground fire and one being destroyed in a dogfight with a Fiat CR.42. The rest of the Yugoslav Furies were destroyed when they became unserviceable or at the time of Armistice on 15 April.[15] Ex-RAF Furies were also used by the South African Air Force against the Italian forces in East Africa in 1940 and despite their obsolescence, destroyed two Caproni bombers as well as strafing many airfields, destroying fighters and bombers on the ground.[16] A total of 262 Furies were produced, of which 22 served in Persia, three in Portugal, at least 30 in South Africa, three in Spain, at least 30 in Yugoslavia and the remainder in the United Kingdom.[citation needed]

Variants

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Hawker Hornet (Fury prototype)
Hawker Hornet
Single-seat fighter prototype. Powered by a Rolls-Royce F.XIA and later by a 480 hp (360 kW) F.XIS. Only one was built. This aircraft was slightly smaller and lighter than the Fury and considered by Hawker as a separate type.[citation needed]
Fury Mk I
Single-seat fighter version, powered by a 525 hp (391 kW) Rolls-Royce Kestrel IIs piston engine.
Fury Series 1A
Single-seat fighter for Yugoslavia, similar to Fury Mk I and powered by Kestrel IIS piston engine. Six built by Hawker. One was delivered fitted with a 500 hp (370 kW) Hispano-Suiza 12 NB engine, with poorer performance, and was re-fitted with a Kestrel,[17][18] while a second was later used for trials with a 720 hp (540 kW) Lorraine Petrel HFrs engine.[19]
Intermediate Fury
Test and trials aircraft, used as a prototype; one built, British civil registration G-ABSE.
High Speed Fury
Private venture. Single-seat high-speed trials and test aircraft, used as a prototype, which was developed into the Fury Mk II; one built.
Fury Mk II
Single-seat fighter version, powered by a 640 hp (480 kW) Rolls-Royce Kestrel VI piston engine.[20] First flight 3 December 1936.[8] Total 112 built.[8]
Yugoslav Fury
Revised single-seat fighter for Yugoslavia, powered by 745 hp (556 kW) Kestrel XVI piston engine, and fitted with low drag radiator and Dowty cantilever undercarriage with internally sprung wheels. Provision for an additional two machine guns under wing. Ten made by Hawker delivered 1936–37,[21] with a further 40 licence built in Yugoslavia by Ikarus (24) and Zmaj (16).[22]
Persian Fury
Single-seat fighter for Persia (now Iran). 16 aircraft powered by a Pratt & Whitney Hornet S2B1g radial piston engine, driving a three-bladed propeller, ordered in January 1933.[23] A further six aircraft powered by a 550 hp (410 kW) Bristol Mercury VISP radial piston engine, fitted with a two-bladed propeller, ordered in May 1934, with several Hornet powered Furys re-engined.[24]
Norwegian Fury
One trial aircraft, fitted with a 530 hp (400 kW) Armstrong-Siddeley Panther IIIA radial piston engine; one built for Norway.
Portuguese Fury
Modified version of the Fury Mk.I, three aircraft fitted with a Rolls-Royce Kestrel II piston engine; three built for Portugal.
Spanish Fury
Improved version of the Fury Mk.I, three aircraft fitted with a 700 hp (520 kW) Hispano-Suiza 12Xbrs engine; three built for Spain.

Surviving aircraft

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Airworthy

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43 Squadron Hawker Fury

A Hawker Fury Mk.I, serial number K5674, is owned by the Historical Aircraft Collection and based at the Imperial War Museum Duxford in the United Kingdom. This aircraft was delivered to the RAF in 1935 and allocated to 43 Squadron, where it was flown until 1939 by Flying Officer Frederick Rosier, later to be Air Chief Marshal Sir Frederick Rosier.[2] In 1940, it was sent to South Africa where it was flown by 13 Squadron (later 43 Squadron) of the South African Air Force. It was written off after making a forced landing, due to running out of fuel.[25] It was returned to the United Kingdom in 2003 and restored to flying condition, with the civil registration G-CBZP. It made its first post-restoration flight in July 2012.

On display

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A Hawker Fury Mk.I, serial number K1928, is being restored at Little Gransden Airfield to static display by the Cambridge Bomber and Fighter Society.[26] The aircraft was part of the first production batch of 21 aircraft built in the 1930s and was flown by No. 43 Squadron. A replica Hawker Fury, serial number K1930, with an original Kestrel engine, is on display at the Military Aviation Museum of Virginia Beach, along with its successor, a Hawker Hurricane.[27]

Operators

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 Norway
 Iran
 Portugal
 South Africa
 Spain
 United Kingdom
 Yugoslavia
  • Royal Yugoslav Air Force imported 13 Furies, and built 40 under licence at the Zmaj (16) and Ikarus (24) factories. At the opening of the April 1941 Invasion of Yugoslavia, 25 Furies were operational:[29]
  • 35th Fighter group – Kosančić/Leskovac
    • 109 Fighter squadron – 6 Furies
    • 110 Fighter squadron – 5 Furies
  • 36th Fighter group – Režanovačka Kosa
    • 111 Fighter squadron – 7 Furies
    • 112 Fighter squadron – 7 Furies

Specifications (Hawker Fury Mk II)

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Data from The British Fighter since 1912[30]

General characteristics

  • Crew: 1
  • Length: 26 ft 9 in (8.15 m)
  • Wingspan: 30 ft 0 in (9.14 m)
  • Height: 10 ft 2 in (3.10 m)
  • Wing area: 252 sq ft (23.4 m2)
  • Empty weight: 2,734 lb (1,240 kg)
  • Max takeoff weight: 3,609 lb (1,637 kg)
  • Powerplant: 1 × Rolls-Royce Kestrel IV liquid-cooled V12 engine, 640 hp (480 kW)

Performance

  • Maximum speed: 223 mph (359 km/h, 194 kn) at 16,500 ft (5,000 m)
  • Range: 270 mi (430 km, 230 nmi)
  • Service ceiling: 29,500 ft (9,000 m)
  • Time to altitude: 3 min 50 s to 10,000 ft (3,000 m)

Armament

See also

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Related development

Aircraft of comparable role, configuration, and era

Related lists

References

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Citations

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  1. ^ "Historical Listings: Iran (IRN) Archived 20 July 2011 at the Wayback Machine". World Air Forces. Retrieved: 19 May 2011.
  2. ^ a b c d e f g h i Smith, Peter (2014). Combat Biplanes of World War II. United Kingdom: Pen & Sword. p. 555. ISBN 978-1783400546.
  3. ^ a b Mason 1992, p.213.
  4. ^ Goulding 1986, p.37.
  5. ^ Mason 1992, p.212.
  6. ^ Goulding 1986, p.38.
  7. ^ Mason 1965, pp. 3–4.
  8. ^ a b c d Delve, ken (2008). Fighter Command, 1936–1968: an operational and historical record. Pen & Sword Aviation. pp. 248–253. ISBN 9781844156139.
  9. ^ Mondey 1994, p.142.
  10. ^ Mason 1965, p. 12.
  11. ^ Air International June 1980, p.286.
  12. ^ Air International June 1980, p.288.
  13. ^ Air International June 1980, pp. 288–289, 305.
  14. ^ "Håkans Aviation page – Yugoslavian Air Force use of the Hawker Fury during the Second World War". Retrieved 28 June 2007.
  15. ^ Winchester, Jim (2004). Fighter: The Worlds finest Combat Aircraft–1914 to Present. Parragon. ISBN 1-4054-3842-8.
  16. ^ "Håkans Aviation page – South African Air Force use of the Hawker Fury during the Second World War". Retrieved 28 June 2007.
  17. ^ Mason 1991, pp. 196–197.
  18. ^ Green and Swanborough 1977, pp. 10–11.
  19. ^ Mason 1991, p.205.
  20. ^ Mason 1991, p.207.
  21. ^ Mason 1991, pp. 205–206.
  22. ^ Green and Swanborough 1977, pp. 12–13.
  23. ^ Mason 1991, p.199.
  24. ^ Mason 1991, p.509.
  25. ^ "Hawker Fury". The Historical Aircraft Collection Limited. Archived from the original on 26 January 2022. Retrieved 2 August 2017.
  26. ^ Cambridge Bomber and Fighter Society
  27. ^ "Warplane Survivors USA: Virginia, Virginia Beach, Military Aviation Museum".
  28. ^ Thetford Aeroplane Monthly January 1992, pp. 15–16.
  29. ^ "Hawker Fury Mk II Yu - Page".
  30. ^ Mason 2002, p.217.

Bibliography

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  • Aballe, R. and Sales, J. M. Hawker Fury (Pt. 1). Valladolid: Quirón, 2005. ISBN 84-96016-41-2
  • Andersson, Lennart (July 1998). "Histoire de l'aéronautique persane, 1921–1941: La première aviation du Chah d'Iran" [History of the Persian Air Force, 1921–1941: The First Aircraft of the Shah of Iran]. Avions: Toute l'aéronautique et son histoire (in French) (76): 2–12. ISSN 1243-8650.
  • Bowyer, Chaz. The Encyclopedia of British Military Aircraft. London: Bison Books Ltd. ISBN 0-86124-258-0.
  • Crawford, Alex. Hawker Fury & Nimrod. Sandomierz, Poland/Redbourn, UK: Mushroom Model Publications, 2007. ISBN 978-83-89450-41-8.
  • "El Fury Español". Air International, June 1980, Vol 18 No 6. Bromley, UK:Fine Scroll. ISSN 0306-5634. pp. 285–289, 305.
  • Goulding, James and Jones, Robert. "Gladiator, Gauntlet, Fury, Demon" Camouflage & Markings: RAF Fighter Command Northern Europe, 1936 to 1945. London: Ducimus Books Ltd., 1971.
  • Goulding, James (1986). Interceptor – RAF Single Seat Multi-Gun Fighters. Shepperton, Surrey: Ian Allan Ltd. ISBN 0-7110-1583-X..
  • Green, William and Swanborough, Gordon. "Barrier-Breaking Fury". Air Enthusiast Quarterly. Number Three, 1977. pp. 1–17. ISSN 0143-5450
  • Hannah, Donald. Hawker FlyPast Reference Library. Stamford, Lincolnshire, UK: Key Publishing Ltd., 1982. ISBN 0-946219-01-X.
  • James, Derek N. Hawker, an Aircraft Album No. 5. New York: Arco Publishing Company, 1973. ISBN 0-668-02699-5. (First published in the UK by Ian Allan in 1972.)
  • Janić, Čedomir; O. Petrović (2011). Short History of Aviation in Serbia. Beograd: Aerokomunikacije. ISBN 978-86-913973-2-6.
  • Jarret, Philip (April 2017). "The Hornet Dilemma: The Final Fate of the Hawker Fury Prototype". The Aviation Historian (19): 74–80. ISSN 2051-1930.
  • Mason, Francis K. Hawker Aircraft since 1920 (Putnam, 1961)
  • Mason, Francis K. Hawker Aircraft since 1920. London: Putnam, 1991. ISBN 0-85177-839-9.
  • Mason, Francis K (1992). The British Fighter since 1912. Naval Institute Press. ISBN 1-55750-082-7.
  • Mason, Francis K. (1965). The Hawker Fury. Profile Publications.
  • Mondey, David (1994). The Hamlyn Concise Guide to British Aircraft of World War II. Aerospace Publishing. ISBN 1-85152-668-4.
  • Ognjevic, Aleksandar (2019). Hawker Hurricane, Fury & Hind: The Yugoslav Story: Operational Record 1931–1941. Belgrade: LeadenSky Books. ISBN 978-86-917625-3-7.
  • Thetford, Owen. "On Silver Wings — Part 16". Aeroplane Monthly, January 1992, Vol 20 No 1. pp. 10–16. ISSN 0143-7240.
  • Weale, Elke C.; Weale, John A. and Barker, Richard F. Combat Aircraft of World War Two. Lionel Leventhal ISBN 0-946495-43-2.
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